![]() A theater equipped with Dolby Atmos, the company’s most recent iteration of the technology, effectively envelops the audience. Say you’re watching a film presented in surround sound: you’ll see an explosion on one side of the screen, and a speaker on the corresponding side of the theater will emit a barrage of sounds. A surround sound system employs multiple speakers to create a 360-degree field around the listener. ![]() Interchanging those terms is the quickest way to amuse - and sometimes annoy - an acoustician. The illusion creates three-dimensional audio, which is not to be confused with surround sound. ![]() It’s a simple concept, but when done with high-quality microphones and played over equally high-quality headphones, the effect is eerie: it fools the brain into believing it's hearing the sounds firsthand.ĪT&T's Oscar, an early binaural recording dummy. The effect is best experienced over headphones, with a clear distinction between left and right perspectives. Because the dummy head recreates the density and shape of a human head, these microphones capture and process sound exactly as it would be heard by human ears, preserving interaural cues. Binaural recording takes the stereo method one step further by placing two microphones in ear-like cavities on either side of a stand or dummy head. Mono uses a single microphone to pick up sound, while stereo uses two, spaced apart from each other. Traditionally, recordings have been made using two methods: mono and stereo. The brain scrutinizes these miniscule interaural differences of time and strength in order to localize sound with immaculate precision. In addition, sound waves interact with the physical constitution of the listener - the pinna (or outer ear), the head, and the torso - and the surrounding space, creating listener-specific variations otherwise known as head-related transfer function. If a dog barks by our left ear, it takes a few extra microseconds for the bark to reach the right ear the sound will also be louder in one ear than the other. The architecture of our anatomy dictates how we understand the sounds we hear: with an ear on either side of a thick skull and spongy brain, we hear sounds enter our left and right ears at different times. But with the rise of virtual reality hardware like the Oculus Rift, Sony’s Morpheus, and Samsung’s Gear - systems dependent on realistic 3D audio to fully immerse their users - binaural audio is on the cusp of a renaissance.īinaural recording systems are unique because they emulate the workings of the human head. And if you record a band, you’ll hear it exactly as the band was positioned when playing."įor decades, binaural recording was a novelty, and overlooked for less technically demanding methods. "You can hear a bird flying over your head. "It puts you in the exact sound field as originally intended," says Choueiri of binaural recordings. If only for a few split seconds, my brain was tricked into believing the performance was actually live, and not recorded. I instinctively turned to look in that direction. A couple of soulful verses later, a violinist on the left grabbed my attention. A cellist on the right plucked on the strings of the instrument. Moments later, Amber Rubarth’s folksy voice filled the room as she sang an acoustic rendition of Louis Armstrong’s "A Kiss to Build a Dream On." The room transformed into an intimate live music venue and the soundscape was vivid: Rubarth was positioned right in front of me, with her band members on either side. Sitting in an adjacent chair, Choueiri swiped through his iPad to set up a binaural audio demonstration. In his warmly lit apartment, a pair of speakers loomed over me as I sank into a leather couch in the living room.
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![]() Ironically, the Netgear R7000 was among the best, or perhaps one of the least terrible, of 28 home Wi-Fi routers analyzed in an independent study of router security in late 2018. But sadly, that was for an entirely different set of flaws. "The vulnerability been present in the R7000 since it was released in 2013 (and earlier for other devices)," Nichols wrote in his GitHub posting.īoth models were among 50-odd routers for which Netgear pushed out a ton of firmware security updates in early March of this year. Nichols found that his exploit worked on a Netgear R7000 router, which looks almost exactly the same as the R6700, but is marketed as the Netgear Nighthawk AC1900 Smart WiFi Dual Band Gigabit Router. ![]() (Netgear maddeningly obscures its model numbers in its marketing materials "AC1750" is a Wi-Fi specification, not a model number.) VNPT ISC's d4rkn3ss found this attack worked on a Netgear R6700 router, marketed under the name Netgear Nighthawk AC1750 Smart WiFi Dual Band Gigabit Router. "Thus, our overflow in the update process is also able to be triggered without authentication."Īs Nichols put it in his very detailed blog post: "1996 called, they want their vulnerability back." "The entire update process can be triggered without authentication," Nichols wrote in a GitHub entry, which also includes a proof-of-concept exploit. įrom there, a input that was too long would trigger a buffer overflow - a very basic type of attack - that would give the attacker full power over the router and be able to run code on it. '1996 called, they want their vulnerability back'īoth GRIMM's Adam Nichols and a VNPT ISC researcher identified only as "d4rkn3ss" discovered that they could use a specific text string on two different models to put the routers into update mode, bypassing the login process for the Netgear administrative interface. The best way to avoid DNS rebinding attacks might be to change your router's DNS settings to the free OpenDNS Home service, which will let you filter out those IP addresses reserved for local networks so that no DNS requests go to them. The website could then use JavaScript or other code on the website to attack that device - in this case, a Netgear router. If you were to land on the attacker's website, the attacker could quickly manipulate DNS settings so that a request for a particular website was changed to point to a device inside your home network. In a DNS rebinding attack, the attacker would have to control both a malicious website and a DNS server, one of the so-called "phone books" of the internet. There's also a risk that malicious actors could use DNS rebinding attacks to exploit this flaw, even on Netgear routers whose administrative settings are locked down, Lawrence Abrams at Bleeping Computer pointed out. Because IP addresses can randomly (albeit infrequently) change on the local network, you could end up being locked out of administrative access, and would have to factory-reset the router manually to regain that access. The danger with that last solution is that the designated administrative machine must be specified by its IP address. To prevent that, try to specify that only one machine on the local network can access the administrative interface. That won't quite solve the problem, as anyone with access to your local network might still be able to exploit the flaw. You want to make sure that remote management is turned off so that no one can access your router's administrative settings from an external network, i.e. Then select the Advanced mode or tab, if there is one, and try to find something that looks like "Web Services Management" or "Remote Management." If you own one of these routers, your best bet for the moment is to go into your administrative interface (try if you're connected to your router). Some of these routers have reached end-of-life and probably won't get patches at all. It's likely we won't see patches for any of these routers until the end of June. ![]() Unfortunately, Netgear has not yet provided firmware updates for these routers, despite being told of the flaws in January by Trend Micro's Zero Day Initiative, which was acting on behalf of VNPT ISC. How to protect your router from this attack or follow our quick and easy guide on how to set up a virtual router Secure every device you own with the best router VPN. |
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